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Element: Cadmium

General data

Element nameCadmium
Chemical symbolCd
Atomic number Z48
Year discovered1817
Standard state (25°C)Solid
CategoryTransition metal
Blockd
Atomic mass112.41
CPK color#FFD98F

Physical properties

Melting point594.22 K (321.07 °C)
Boiling point1040 K (767 °C)
Density8.69 g/cm³

Energy properties

First ionization energy8.994 eV
Electron affinityno data

Atomic structure

Protons48 (Atomic number)
Neutrons (Cd-114, most abundant isotope)66
Electrons48
Electron configuration[Kr] 5s² 4d¹⁰
Oxidation states+2
Electronegativity (Pauling)1.69
Atomic radius (van der Waals)158 pm

Ionization energies - NIST ASD (48 states)

StateChargeIoniz. energy (eV)Type
Cd I0+8.99382 ± 0.000016measured
Cd II1+16.908313 ± 0.000012measured
Cd III2+37.468 ± 0.006measured
Cd IV3+51 ± 1.7calculated
Cd V4+67.9 ± 1.9calculated
Cd VI5+87 ± 2calculated
Cd VII6+105 ± 2calculated
Cd VIII7+130.1 ± 2.1calculated
Cd IX8+150 ± 2.2calculated
Cd X9+173 ± 2.2calculated
Cd XI10+195 ± 2.4calculated
Cd XII11+218 ± 2.5calculated
Cd XIII12+305 ± 3calculated
Cd XIV13+329 ± 3calculated
Cd XV14+358 ± 3calculated
Cd XVI15+385 ± 3calculated
Cd XVII16+421 ± 3calculated
Cd XVIII17+452.6 ± 0.3semi-empirical
Cd XIX18+513 ± 3calculated
Cd XX19+546.19 ± 0.17semi-empirical
Cd XXI20+963 ± 4calculated
Cd XXII21+1026 ± 4calculated
Cd XXIII22+1095 ± 4calculated
Cd XXIV23+1167 ± 4calculated
Cd XXV24+1237 ± 4calculated
Cd XXVI25+1320 ± 4calculated
Cd XXVII26+1401 ± 4calculated
Cd XXVIII27+1477 ± 4calculated
Cd XXIX28+1558 ± 4calculated
Cd XXX29+1635 ± 4calculated
Cd XXXI30+1852 ± 5semi-empirical
Cd XXXII31+1917.9 ± 2semi-empirical
Cd XXXIII32+1998 ± 3semi-empirical
Cd XXXIV33+2091 ± 8semi-empirical
Cd XXXV34+2195 ± 4semi-empirical
Cd XXXVI35+2250 ± 10semi-empirical
Cd XXXVII36+2427 ± 3semi-empirical
Cd XXXVIII37+2498.62 ± 0.08semi-empirical
Cd XXXIX38+5839 ± 3semi-empirical
Cd XL39+6039 ± 9semi-empirical
Cd XLI40+6257 ± 12semi-empirical
Cd XLII41+6460 ± 40semi-empirical
Cd XLIII42+6869 ± 8semi-empirical
Cd XLIV43+7109 ± 5semi-empirical
Cd XLV44+7414 ± 7semi-empirical
Cd XLVI45+7607.95 ± 0.03calculated
Cd XLVII46+31451.07 ± 0.017calculated
Cd XLVIII47+32341.587 ± 0.009calculated

Value type as given by NIST ASD: measured - from evaluated experimental data; calculated - from ab initio calculations (mostly highly ionised atoms that have not been measured; for the simplest ones, e.g. H I, the calculation is more accurate than measurement); semi-empirical - from interpolation, extrapolation or another semi-empirical method.

Photos

Photo of the element: Cadmium (Cd)
© images-of-elements.com (CC BY 3.0)

Isotopes (41)

ANHalf-lifeDecay
Cd-9446unknownEC/β⁺
Cd-954732 msEC/β⁺
Cd-96481.01 sEC/β⁺
Cd-97491.16 sEC/β⁺
Cd-98509.3 sEC/β⁺
Cd-995117 sEC/β⁺
Cd-1005249.1 sEC/β⁺
Cd-101531.36 minEC/β⁺
Cd-102545.5 minEC/β⁺
Cd-103557.50 minEC/β⁺
Cd-1045657.8 minEC/β⁺
Cd-1055755.4 minEC/β⁺
Cd-10658stable-
Cd-107596.52 hEC/β⁺
Cd-10860stable-
Cd-10961462.0 dEC
Cd-11062stable-
Cd-11163stable-
Cd-11264stable-
Cd-113658.04×10¹⁵ aβ⁻
Cd-11466stable-
Cd-1156753.40 hβ⁻
Cd-116682.68×10¹⁹ a2β⁻
Cd-117692.503 hβ⁻
Cd-1187050.3 minβ⁻
Cd-119712.69 minβ⁻
Cd-1207250.80 sβ⁻
Cd-1217313.5 sβ⁻
Cd-122745.24 sβ⁻
Cd-123752.10 sβ⁻
Cd-124761.25 sβ⁻
Cd-12577680 msβ⁻
Cd-12678512 msβ⁻
Cd-127790.45 sβ⁻
Cd-12880245.9 msβ⁻
Cd-12981151 msβ⁻
Cd-13082129 msβ⁻
Cd-1318398 msβ⁻
Cd-1328484 msβ⁻
Cd-1338561 msβ⁻
Cd-1348665 msβ⁻

Data sources

More about the data sources