Element: Gadolinium
General data
| Element name | Gadolinium |
|---|---|
| Chemical symbol | Gd |
| Atomic number Z | 64 |
| Year discovered | 1880 |
| Standard state (25°C) | Solid |
| Category | Lanthanide |
| Block | f |
| Atomic mass | 157.25 |
| CPK color | #45FFC7 |
Physical properties
| Melting point | 1586 K (1313 °C) |
|---|---|
| Boiling point | 3546 K (3273 °C) |
| Density | 7.9 g/cm³ |
Energy properties
| First ionization energy | 6.15 eV |
|---|---|
| Electron affinity | no data |
Atomic structure
| Protons | 64 (Atomic number) |
|---|---|
| Neutrons (Gd-158, most abundant isotope) | 94 |
| Electrons | 64 |
| Electron configuration | [Xe] 6s² 4f⁷ 5d¹ |
| Oxidation states | +3 |
| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 1.2 |
| Atomic radius (van der Waals) | 237 pm |
Ionization energies - NIST ASD (64 states)
| State | Charge | Ioniz. energy (eV) | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gd I | 0+ | 6.1498 ± 0.00004 | measured |
| Gd II | 1+ | 12.076 ± 0.02 | semi-empirical |
| Gd III | 2+ | 20.54 ± 0.03 | semi-empirical |
| Gd IV | 3+ | 44.44 ± 0.08 | semi-empirical |
| Gd V | 4+ | 64.8 ± 0.4 | semi-empirical |
| Gd VI | 5+ | 89 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd VII | 6+ | 106 ± 5 | calculated |
| Gd VIII | 7+ | 123 ± 6 | calculated |
| Gd IX | 8+ | 144 ± 7 | calculated |
| Gd X | 9+ | 165 ± 8 | calculated |
| Gd XI | 10+ | 183 ± 9 | calculated |
| Gd XII | 11+ | 213 ± 11 | calculated |
| Gd XIII | 12+ | 246 ± 12 | calculated |
| Gd XIV | 13+ | 268 ± 14 | calculated |
| Gd XV | 14+ | 288 ± 15 | calculated |
| Gd XVI | 15+ | 319 ± 16 | calculated |
| Gd XVII | 16+ | 352 ± 17 | calculated |
| Gd XVIII | 17+ | 384.4 ± 2.5 | calculated |
| Gd XIX | 18+ | 565 ± 3 | calculated |
| Gd XX | 19+ | 601 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XXI | 20+ | 639 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XXII | 21+ | 680 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XXIII | 22+ | 719 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XXIV | 23+ | 761 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XXV | 24+ | 810 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XXVI | 25+ | 851 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XXVII | 26+ | 895 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XXVIII | 27+ | 937 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XXIX | 28+ | 1100 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XXX | 29+ | 1142 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XXXI | 30+ | 1189 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XXXII | 31+ | 1233 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XXXIII | 32+ | 1321 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XXXIV | 33+ | 1368 ± 5 | calculated |
| Gd XXXV | 34+ | 1481 ± 5 | calculated |
| Gd XXXVI | 35+ | 1532.3 ± 0.3 | semi-empirical |
| Gd XXXVII | 36+ | 2621 ± 5 | calculated |
| Gd XXXVIII | 37+ | 2720 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XXXIX | 38+ | 2827 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XL | 39+ | 2941 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XLI | 40+ | 3050 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XLII | 41+ | 3160 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XLIII | 42+ | 3312 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XLIV | 43+ | 3424 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XLV | 44+ | 3546 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XLVI | 45+ | 3660 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XLVII | 46+ | 3980 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XLVIII | 47+ | 4080 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd XLIX | 48+ | 4191 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd L | 49+ | 4294 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd LI | 50+ | 4578 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd LII | 51+ | 4693 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd LIII | 52+ | 4914 ± 4 | calculated |
| Gd LIV | 53+ | 5025 ± 5 | calculated |
| Gd LV | 54+ | 11273 ± 5 | calculated |
| Gd LVI | 55+ | 11552 ± 5 | calculated |
| Gd LVII | 56+ | 11861 ± 5 | calculated |
| Gd LVIII | 57+ | 12147 ± 6 | calculated |
| Gd LIX | 58+ | 13183 ± 6 | calculated |
| Gd LX | 59+ | 13521 ± 7 | calculated |
| Gd LXI | 60+ | 13943 ± 10 | calculated |
| Gd LXII | 61+ | 14224.57 ± 0.1 | calculated |
| Gd LXIII | 62+ | 57783.91 ± 0.08 | calculated |
| Gd LXIV | 63+ | 59065.54 ± 0.05 | calculated |
Value type as given by NIST ASD: measured - from evaluated experimental data; calculated - from ab initio calculations (mostly highly ionised atoms that have not been measured; for the simplest ones, e.g. H I, the calculation is more accurate than measurement); semi-empirical - from interpolation, extrapolation or another semi-empirical method.
Photos
Isotopes (39)
| A | N | Half-life | Decay |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gd-134 | 70 | unknown | EC/β⁺ |
| Gd-135 | 71 | 1.1 s | EC/β⁺ |
| Gd-136 | 72 | unknown | EC/β⁺ |
| Gd-137 | 73 | 2.2 s | EC/β⁺ |
| Gd-138 | 74 | 4.7 s | EC/β⁺ |
| Gd-139 | 75 | 5.6 s | EC/β⁺ |
| Gd-140 | 76 | 15.8 s | EC/β⁺ |
| Gd-141 | 77 | 17 s | EC/β⁺ |
| Gd-142 | 78 | 70.2 s | EC/β⁺ |
| Gd-143 | 79 | 39 s | EC/β⁺ |
| Gd-144 | 80 | 4.48 min | EC/β⁺ |
| Gd-145 | 81 | 23.2 min | EC/β⁺ |
| Gd-146 | 82 | 48.27 d | EC/β⁺ |
| Gd-147 | 83 | 38.06 h | EC/β⁺ |
| Gd-148 | 84 | 87 a | α |
| Gd-149 | 85 | 9.28 d | EC/β⁺ |
| Gd-150 | 86 | 1.79×10⁶ a | α |
| Gd-151 | 87 | 124.5 d | EC |
| Gd-152 | 88 | 1.08×10¹⁴ a | α |
| Gd-153 | 89 | 240.4 d | EC |
| Gd-154 | 90 | stable | - |
| Gd-155 | 91 | stable | - |
| Gd-156 | 92 | stable | - |
| Gd-157 | 93 | stable | - |
| Gd-158 | 94 | stable | - |
| Gd-159 | 95 | 18.479 h | β⁻ |
| Gd-160 | 96 | stable | - |
| Gd-161 | 97 | 3.66 min | β⁻ |
| Gd-162 | 98 | 8.39 min | β⁻ |
| Gd-163 | 99 | 68 s | β⁻ |
| Gd-164 | 100 | 45 s | β⁻ |
| Gd-165 | 101 | 11.6 s | β⁻ |
| Gd-166 | 102 | 5.0 s | β⁻ |
| Gd-167 | 103 | 4.3 s | β⁻ |
| Gd-168 | 104 | 3.02 s | β⁻ |
| Gd-169 | 105 | 0.89 s | β⁻ |
| Gd-170 | 106 | 0.62 s | β⁻ |
| Gd-171 | 107 | 0.39 s | β⁻ |
| Gd-172 | 108 | 0.16 s | β⁻ |
Data sources
- PubChem Periodic Table API - Retrieved on 29 June 2026 - licence: CC0
- IUPAC CIAAW - Abridged Standard Atomic Weights 2024 - Table version: 2024 - licence: Public domain
- NNDC Wallet Cards 2023 - Data as of 15 October 2024 - licence: Public domain
- NIST Atomic Spectra Database (ASD) - Retrieved on 29 June 2026 - licence: © U.S. Secretary of Commerce
- Images of Elements - Retrieved on 29 June 2026 - licence: CC BY 3.0