Element: Lead

General data

Element name	Lead
Chemical symbol	Pb
Atomic number Z	82
Year discovered	known since antiquity
Standard state (25°C)	Solid
Category	Post-transition metal
Block	p
Atomic mass	207.2
CPK color	#575961

Physical properties

Melting point	600.61 K (327.46 °C)
Boiling point	2022 K (1749 °C)
Density	11.342 g/cm³

Energy properties

First ionization energy	7.417 eV
Electron affinity	0.36 eV

Atomic structure

Protons	82 (Atomic number)
Neutrons (Pb-208, most abundant isotope)	126
Electrons	82
Electron configuration	[Xe] 6s² 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6p²
Oxidation states	+4, +2
Electronegativity (Pauling)	2.33
Atomic radius (van der Waals)	202 pm

Ionization energies - NIST ASD (82 states)

State	Charge	Ioniz. energy (eV)	Type
Pb I	0+	7.4166799 ± 0.0000006	measured
Pb II	1+	15.032499 ± 0.000007	measured
Pb III	2+	31.9373 ± 0.0006	measured
Pb IV	3+	42.33256 ± 0.0001	measured
Pb V	4+	68.8 ± 0.5	semi-empirical
Pb VI	5+	82.9 ± 2	calculated
Pb VII	6+	100.1 ± 2	calculated
Pb VIII	7+	120 ± 2.1	calculated
Pb IX	8+	138 ± 2.2	calculated
Pb X	9+	158 ± 2.2	calculated
Pb XI	10+	182 ± 2.4	calculated
Pb XII	11+	203 ± 2.5	calculated
Pb XIII	12+	224 ± 3	calculated
Pb XIV	13+	245.1 ± 2.2	semi-empirical
Pb XV	14+	338.1 ± 1.5	semi-empirical
Pb XVI	15+	374 ± 19	calculated
Pb XVII	16+	401 ± 20	calculated
Pb XVIII	17+	427 ± 21	calculated
Pb XIX	18+	478 ± 24	calculated
Pb XX	19+	507 ± 25	calculated
Pb XXI	20+	570 ± 30	calculated
Pb XXII	21+	610 ± 30	calculated
Pb XXIII	22+	650 ± 30	calculated
Pb XXIV	23+	690 ± 30	calculated
Pb XXV	24+	750 ± 40	calculated
Pb XXVI	25+	810 ± 40	calculated
Pb XXVII	26+	870 ± 40	calculated
Pb XXVIII	27+	930 ± 50	calculated
Pb XXIX	28+	990 ± 50	calculated
Pb XXX	29+	1050 ± 50	calculated
Pb XXXI	30+	1120 ± 60	calculated
Pb XXXII	31+	1180 ± 60	calculated
Pb XXXIII	32+	1240 ± 60	calculated
Pb XXXIV	33+	1300 ± 60	calculated
Pb XXXV	34+	1360 ± 60	calculated
Pb XXXVI	35+	1430 ± 70	calculated
Pb XXXVII	36+	1704 ± 5	calculated
Pb XXXVIII	37+	1760 ± 4	calculated
Pb XXXIX	38+	1819 ± 4	calculated
Pb XL	39+	1884 ± 4	calculated
Pb XLI	40+	1945 ± 4	calculated
Pb XLII	41+	2004 ± 4	calculated
Pb XLIII	42+	2101 ± 4	calculated
Pb XLIV	43+	2163 ± 4	calculated
Pb XLV	44+	2230 ± 4	calculated
Pb XLVI	45+	2292 ± 4	calculated
Pb XLVII	46+	2543 ± 4	calculated
Pb XLVIII	47+	2605 ± 4	calculated
Pb XLIX	48+	2671 ± 4	calculated
Pb L	49+	2735 ± 4	calculated
Pb LI	50+	2965 ± 4	calculated
Pb LII	51+	3036 ± 4	calculated
Pb LIII	52+	3211 ± 4	calculated
Pb LIV	53+	3282.1 ± 2	semi-empirical
Pb LV	54+	5414 ± 5	calculated
Pb LVI	55+	5555 ± 5	calculated
Pb LVII	56+	5703 ± 5	calculated
Pb LVIII	57+	5862 ± 6	calculated
Pb LIX	58+	6015 ± 6	calculated
Pb LX	59+	6162 ± 7	calculated
Pb LXI	60+	6442 ± 10	calculated
Pb LXII	61+	6597 ± 12	calculated
Pb LXIII	62+	6767 ± 15	calculated
Pb LXIV	63+	6924 ± 19	calculated
Pb LXV	64+	7362 ± 24	calculated
Pb LXVI	65+	7500 ± 30	calculated
Pb LXVII	66+	7650 ± 40	calculated
Pb LXVIII	67+	7790 ± 40	calculated
Pb LXIX	68+	8520 ± 50	calculated
Pb LXX	69+	8680 ± 50	calculated
Pb LXXI	70+	9000 ± 60	calculated
Pb LXXII	71+	9150 ± 60	calculated
Pb LXXIII	72+	19590 ± 70	calculated
Pb LXXIV	73+	19970 ± 90	calculated
Pb LXXV	74+	20380 ± 90	calculated
Pb LXXVI	75+	20750 ± 100	calculated
Pb LXXVII	76+	23460 ± 110	calculated
Pb LXXVIII	77+	23940 ± 120	calculated
Pb LXXIX	78+	24550 ± 120	calculated
Pb LXXX	79+	24938.2 ± 0.4	calculated
Pb LXXXI	80+	99491.8 ± 0.3	calculated
Pb LXXXII	81+	101336.7 ± 0.3	calculated

Value type as given by NIST ASD: measured - from evaluated experimental data; calculated - from ab initio calculations (mostly highly ionised atoms that have not been measured; for the simplest ones, e.g. H I, the calculation is more accurate than measurement); semi-empirical - from interpolation, extrapolation or another semi-empirical method.

Photos

Photo of the element: Lead (Pb) — © images-of-elements.com (CC BY 3.0)

Isotopes (43)

A	N	Half-life	Decay
Pb-178	96	0.20 ms	α
Pb-179	97	2.7 ms	α
Pb-180	98	4.1 ms	α
Pb-181	99	36 ms	α
Pb-182	100	55 ms	α
Pb-183	101	540 ms	α
Pb-184	102	490 ms	α
Pb-185	103	6.3 s	α
Pb-186	104	4.82 s	α
Pb-187	105	15.2 s	EC/β⁺
Pb-188	106	25.5 s	EC/β⁺
Pb-189	107	39 s	EC/β⁺
Pb-190	108	71 s	EC/β⁺
Pb-191	109	1.33 min	EC/β⁺
Pb-192	110	3.5 min	EC/β⁺
Pb-193	111	unknown	EC/β⁺
Pb-194	112	10.7 min	EC/β⁺
Pb-195	113	≈ 15 min	EC/β⁺
Pb-196	114	37 min	EC/β⁺
Pb-197	115	8.1 min	EC/β⁺
Pb-198	116	2.4 h	EC/β⁺
Pb-199	117	90 min	EC/β⁺
Pb-200	118	21.5 h	EC
Pb-201	119	9.33 h	EC/β⁺
Pb-202	120	53000 a	EC
Pb-203	121	51.93 h	EC
Pb-204	122	stable	-
Pb-205	123	1.70×10⁷ a	EC
Pb-206	124	stable	-
Pb-207	125	stable	-
Pb-208	126	stable	-
Pb-209	127	3.235 h	β⁻
Pb-210	128	22.20 a	β⁻
Pb-211	129	36.1648 min	β⁻
Pb-212	130	10.628 h	β⁻
Pb-213	131	10.2 min	β⁻
Pb-214	132	27.06 min	β⁻
Pb-215	133	142 s	β⁻
Pb-216	134	99 s	β⁻
Pb-217	135	20 s	β⁻
Pb-218	136	15 s	β⁻
Pb-219	137	unknown	β⁻
Pb-220	138	unknown	β⁻

Data sources

PubChem Periodic Table API - Retrieved on 29 June 2026 - licence: CC0
IUPAC CIAAW - Abridged Standard Atomic Weights 2024 - Table version: 2024 - licence: Public domain
NNDC Wallet Cards 2023 - Data as of 15 October 2024 - licence: Public domain
Images of Elements - Retrieved on 29 June 2026 - licence: CC BY 3.0

More about the data sources