Element: Tin
General data
| Element name | Tin |
|---|---|
| Chemical symbol | Sn |
| Atomic number Z | 50 |
| Year discovered | known since antiquity |
| Standard state (25°C) | Solid |
| Category | Post-transition metal |
| Block | p |
| Atomic mass | 118.71 |
| CPK color | #668080 |
Physical properties
| Melting point | 505.08 K (231.93 °C) |
|---|---|
| Boiling point | 2875 K (2602 °C) |
| Density | 7.287 g/cm³ |
Energy properties
| First ionization energy | 7.344 eV |
|---|---|
| Electron affinity | 1.2 eV |
Atomic structure
| Protons | 50 (Atomic number) |
|---|---|
| Neutrons (Sn-120, most abundant isotope) | 70 |
| Electrons | 50 |
| Electron configuration | [Kr] 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p² |
| Oxidation states | +4, +2 |
| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 1.96 |
| Atomic radius (van der Waals) | 217 pm |
Ionization energies - NIST ASD (50 states)
| State | Charge | Ioniz. energy (eV) | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sn I | 0+ | 7.343918 ± 0.000012 | measured |
| Sn II | 1+ | 14.63307 ± 0.00009 | measured |
| Sn III | 2+ | 30.506 ± 0.003 | measured |
| Sn IV | 3+ | 40.74 ± 0.04 | measured |
| Sn V | 4+ | 77.03 ± 0.04 | measured |
| Sn VI | 5+ | 94 ± 2 | calculated |
| Sn VII | 6+ | 112.9 ± 2 | calculated |
| Sn VIII | 7+ | 135 ± 2.1 | calculated |
| Sn IX | 8+ | 156 ± 2.2 | calculated |
| Sn X | 9+ | 184 ± 2.2 | calculated |
| Sn XI | 10+ | 208 ± 2.4 | calculated |
| Sn XII | 11+ | 232 ± 2.5 | calculated |
| Sn XIII | 12+ | 258 ± 3 | calculated |
| Sn XIV | 13+ | 282 ± 3 | calculated |
| Sn XV | 14+ | 379 ± 3 | calculated |
| Sn XVI | 15+ | 407 ± 3 | calculated |
| Sn XVII | 16+ | 437 ± 3 | calculated |
| Sn XVIII | 17+ | 466 ± 3 | calculated |
| Sn XIX | 18+ | 506 ± 3 | calculated |
| Sn XX | 19+ | 537 ± 4 | calculated |
| Sn XXI | 20+ | 608 ± 4 | calculated |
| Sn XXII | 21+ | 642.35 ± 0.22 | semi-empirical |
| Sn XXIII | 22+ | 1127 ± 4 | calculated |
| Sn XXIV | 23+ | 1195 ± 4 | calculated |
| Sn XXV | 24+ | 1269 ± 4 | calculated |
| Sn XXVI | 25+ | 1347 ± 4 | calculated |
| Sn XXVII | 26+ | 1421 ± 4 | calculated |
| Sn XXVIII | 27+ | 1508 ± 4 | calculated |
| Sn XXIX | 28+ | 1596 ± 4 | calculated |
| Sn XXX | 29+ | 1676 ± 4 | calculated |
| Sn XXXI | 30+ | 1763 ± 4 | calculated |
| Sn XXXII | 31+ | 1844 ± 4 | calculated |
| Sn XXXIII | 32+ | 2074 ± 6 | semi-empirical |
| Sn XXXIV | 33+ | 2142.1 ± 2.1 | semi-empirical |
| Sn XXXV | 34+ | 2227 ± 3 | semi-empirical |
| Sn XXXVI | 35+ | 2326 ± 9 | semi-empirical |
| Sn XXXVII | 36+ | 2443 ± 5 | semi-empirical |
| Sn XXXVIII | 37+ | 2499 ± 11 | semi-empirical |
| Sn XXXIX | 38+ | 2687 ± 4 | semi-empirical |
| Sn XL | 39+ | 2762.49 ± 0.08 | semi-empirical |
| Sn XLI | 40+ | 6421 ± 3 | semi-empirical |
| Sn XLII | 41+ | 6631 ± 10 | semi-empirical |
| Sn XLIII | 42+ | 6859 ± 13 | semi-empirical |
| Sn XLIV | 43+ | 7080 ± 50 | semi-empirical |
| Sn XLV | 44+ | 7531 ± 8 | semi-empirical |
| Sn XLVI | 45+ | 7790 ± 4 | calculated |
| Sn XLVII | 46+ | 8103 ± 7 | semi-empirical |
| Sn XLVIII | 47+ | 8306.95 ± 0.04 | calculated |
| Sn XLIX | 48+ | 34257.148 ± 0.022 | calculated |
| Sn L | 49+ | 35192.501 ± 0.011 | calculated |
Value type as given by NIST ASD: measured - from evaluated experimental data; calculated - from ab initio calculations (mostly highly ionised atoms that have not been measured; for the simplest ones, e.g. H I, the calculation is more accurate than measurement); semi-empirical - from interpolation, extrapolation or another semi-empirical method.
Photos
Isotopes (42)
| A | N | Half-life | Decay |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sn-99 | 49 | 24 ms | EC/β⁺ |
| Sn-100 | 50 | 1.18 s | EC/β⁺ |
| Sn-101 | 51 | 2.20 s | EC/β⁺ |
| Sn-102 | 52 | 3.8 s | EC/β⁺ |
| Sn-103 | 53 | 7.0 s | EC/β⁺ |
| Sn-104 | 54 | 20.9 s | EC/β⁺ |
| Sn-105 | 55 | 32.7 s | EC/β⁺ |
| Sn-106 | 56 | 1.92 min | EC/β⁺ |
| Sn-107 | 57 | 2.90 min | EC/β⁺ |
| Sn-108 | 58 | 10.50 min | EC/β⁺ |
| Sn-109 | 59 | 18.1 min | EC/β⁺ |
| Sn-110 | 60 | 4.154 h | EC |
| Sn-111 | 61 | 35.3 min | EC/β⁺ |
| Sn-112 | 62 | stable | - |
| Sn-113 | 63 | 115.08 d | EC/β⁺ |
| Sn-114 | 64 | stable | - |
| Sn-115 | 65 | stable | - |
| Sn-116 | 66 | stable | - |
| Sn-117 | 67 | stable | - |
| Sn-118 | 68 | stable | - |
| Sn-119 | 69 | stable | - |
| Sn-120 | 70 | stable | - |
| Sn-121 | 71 | 27.05 h | β⁻ |
| Sn-122 | 72 | stable | - |
| Sn-123 | 73 | 129.2 d | β⁻ |
| Sn-124 | 74 | stable | - |
| Sn-125 | 75 | 9.634 d | β⁻ |
| Sn-126 | 76 | 1.98×10⁵ a | β⁻ |
| Sn-127 | 77 | 2.10 h | β⁻ |
| Sn-128 | 78 | 59.6 min | β⁻ |
| Sn-129 | 79 | 2.23 min | β⁻ |
| Sn-130 | 80 | 3.73 min | β⁻ |
| Sn-131 | 81 | 56.0 s | β⁻ |
| Sn-132 | 82 | 39.7 s | β⁻ |
| Sn-133 | 83 | 1.38 s | β⁻ |
| Sn-134 | 84 | 1.02 s | β⁻ |
| Sn-135 | 85 | 515 ms | β⁻ |
| Sn-136 | 86 | 355 ms | β⁻ |
| Sn-137 | 87 | 228 ms | β⁻ |
| Sn-138 | 88 | 148 ms | β⁻ |
| Sn-139 | 89 | 120 ms | β⁻ |
| Sn-140 | 90 | unknown | β⁻ |
Data sources
- PubChem Periodic Table API - Retrieved on 29 June 2026 - licence: CC0
- IUPAC CIAAW - Abridged Standard Atomic Weights 2024 - Table version: 2024 - licence: Public domain
- NNDC Wallet Cards 2023 - Data as of 15 October 2024 - licence: Public domain
- NIST Atomic Spectra Database (ASD) - Retrieved on 29 June 2026 - licence: © U.S. Secretary of Commerce
- Images of Elements - Retrieved on 29 June 2026 - licence: CC BY 3.0