Element: Vanadium
General data
| Element name | Vanadium |
|---|---|
| Chemical symbol | V |
| Atomic number Z | 23 |
| Year discovered | 1801 |
| Standard state (25°C) | Solid |
| Category | Transition metal |
| Block | d |
| Atomic mass | 50.942 |
| CPK color | #A6A6AB |
Physical properties
| Melting point | 2183 K (1910 °C) |
|---|---|
| Boiling point | 3680 K (3407 °C) |
| Density | 6 g/cm³ |
Energy properties
| First ionization energy | 6.746 eV |
|---|---|
| Electron affinity | 0.525 eV |
Atomic structure
| Protons | 23 (Atomic number) |
|---|---|
| Neutrons (V-51, most abundant isotope) | 28 |
| Electrons | 23 |
| Electron configuration | [Ar] 4s² 3d³ |
| Oxidation states | +5, +4, +3, +2 |
| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 1.63 |
| Atomic radius (van der Waals) | 179 pm |
Ionization energies - NIST ASD (23 states)
| State | Charge | Ioniz. energy (eV) | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| V I | 0+ | 6.746187 ± 0.000021 | measured |
| V II | 1+ | 14.634 ± 0.007 | measured |
| V III | 2+ | 29.3111 ± 0.0025 | measured |
| V IV | 3+ | 46.709 ± 0.005 | measured |
| V V | 4+ | 65.28165 ± 0.00017 | measured |
| V VI | 5+ | 128.125 ± 0.025 | measured |
| V VII | 6+ | 150.72 ± 0.13 | semi-empirical |
| V VIII | 7+ | 173.55 ± 0.21 | semi-empirical |
| V IX | 8+ | 206 ± 0.4 | semi-empirical |
| V X | 9+ | 230.5 ± 0.5 | semi-empirical |
| V XI | 10+ | 254.8 ± 0.4 | semi-empirical |
| V XII | 11+ | 308.5 ± 0.3 | semi-empirical |
| V XIII | 12+ | 336.274 ± 0.006 | semi-empirical |
| V XIV | 13+ | 896 ± 0.4 | measured |
| V XV | 14+ | 977.2 ± 1.3 | semi-empirical |
| V XVI | 15+ | 1062.9 ± 2 | semi-empirical |
| V XVII | 16+ | 1165.2 ± 1.1 | semi-empirical |
| V XVIII | 17+ | 1258.9 ± 0.6 | semi-empirical |
| V XIX | 18+ | 1354.2 ± 0.5 | semi-empirical |
| V XX | 19+ | 1486.7 ± 0.5 | semi-empirical |
| V XXI | 20+ | 1569.656 ± 0.007 | calculated |
| V XXII | 21+ | 6851.3112 ± 0.0008 | calculated |
| V XXIII | 22+ | 7246.12624 ± 0.00014 | calculated |
Value type as given by NIST ASD: measured - from evaluated experimental data; calculated - from ab initio calculations (mostly highly ionised atoms that have not been measured; for the simplest ones, e.g. H I, the calculation is more accurate than measurement); semi-empirical - from interpolation, extrapolation or another semi-empirical method.
Photos
Isotopes (26)
| A | N | Half-life | Decay |
|---|---|---|---|
| V-42 | 19 | unknown | p |
| V-43 | 20 | 79.3 ms | EC/β⁺ |
| V-44 | 21 | 111 ms | EC/β⁺ |
| V-45 | 22 | 546 ms | EC/β⁺ |
| V-46 | 23 | 422.62 ms | EC/β⁺ |
| V-47 | 24 | 32.6 min | EC/β⁺ |
| V-48 | 25 | 15.974 d | EC/β⁺ |
| V-49 | 26 | 330 d | EC |
| V-50 | 27 | 2.68×10¹⁷ a | EC/β⁺ |
| V-51 | 28 | stable | - |
| V-52 | 29 | 3.743 min | β⁻ |
| V-53 | 30 | 1.537 min | β⁻ |
| V-54 | 31 | 49.8 s | β⁻ |
| V-55 | 32 | 6.54 s | β⁻ |
| V-56 | 33 | 218 ms | β⁻ |
| V-57 | 34 | 347 ms | β⁻ |
| V-58 | 35 | 192 ms | β⁻ |
| V-59 | 36 | 96 ms | β⁻ |
| V-60 | 37 | 122 ms | β⁻ |
| V-61 | 38 | 48.2 ms | β⁻ |
| V-62 | 39 | 33.6 ms | β⁻ |
| V-63 | 40 | 19.6 ms | β⁻ |
| V-64 | 41 | 15 ms | β⁻ |
| V-65 | 42 | unknown | β⁻ |
| V-66 | 43 | unknown | β⁻ |
| V-67 | 44 | unknown | β⁻ |
Data sources
- PubChem Periodic Table API - Retrieved on 29 June 2026 - licence: CC0
- IUPAC CIAAW - Abridged Standard Atomic Weights 2024 - Table version: 2024 - licence: Public domain
- NNDC Wallet Cards 2023 - Data as of 15 October 2024 - licence: Public domain
- NIST Atomic Spectra Database (ASD) - Retrieved on 29 June 2026 - licence: © U.S. Secretary of Commerce
- Images of Elements - Retrieved on 29 June 2026 - licence: CC BY 3.0