Element: Zinc
General data
| Element name | Zinc |
|---|---|
| Chemical symbol | Zn |
| Atomic number Z | 30 |
| Year discovered | 1746 |
| Standard state (25°C) | Solid |
| Category | Transition metal |
| Block | d |
| Atomic mass | 65.38 |
| CPK color | #7D80B0 |
Physical properties
| Melting point | 692.68 K (419.53 °C) |
|---|---|
| Boiling point | 1180 K (907 °C) |
| Density | 7.134 g/cm³ |
Energy properties
| First ionization energy | 9.394 eV |
|---|---|
| Electron affinity | no data |
Atomic structure
| Protons | 30 (Atomic number) |
|---|---|
| Neutrons (Zn-64, most abundant isotope) | 34 |
| Electrons | 30 |
| Electron configuration | [Ar] 4s² 3d¹⁰ |
| Oxidation states | +2 |
| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 1.65 |
| Atomic radius (van der Waals) | 139 pm |
Ionization energies - NIST ASD (30 states)
| State | Charge | Ioniz. energy (eV) | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zn I | 0+ | 9.394197 ± 0.000006 | measured |
| Zn II | 1+ | 17.96439 ± 0.00025 | measured |
| Zn III | 2+ | 39.7233 ± 0.00012 | measured |
| Zn IV | 3+ | 59.573 ± 0.019 | measured |
| Zn V | 4+ | 82.6 ± 0.9 | semi-empirical |
| Zn VI | 5+ | 108 ± 1 | semi-empirical |
| Zn VII | 6+ | 133.9 ± 1.2 | semi-empirical |
| Zn VIII | 7+ | 173.9 ± 1.7 | semi-empirical |
| Zn IX | 8+ | 203 ± 2 | semi-empirical |
| Zn X | 9+ | 238 ± 2.2 | calculated |
| Zn XI | 10+ | 274.4 ± 0.5 | semi-empirical |
| Zn XII | 11+ | 310.8 ± 1 | semi-empirical |
| Zn XIII | 12+ | 417.6 ± 1.2 | semi-empirical |
| Zn XIV | 13+ | 453.4 ± 0.3 | semi-empirical |
| Zn XV | 14+ | 490.6 ± 0.6 | semi-empirical |
| Zn XVI | 15+ | 540 ± 1 | semi-empirical |
| Zn XVII | 16+ | 577.8 ± 1.3 | semi-empirical |
| Zn XVIII | 17+ | 613.3 ± 2.4 | semi-empirical |
| Zn XIX | 18+ | 697.5 ± 0.7 | semi-empirical |
| Zn XX | 19+ | 737.366 ± 0.021 | semi-empirical |
| Zn XXI | 20+ | 1846.8 ± 1 | semi-empirical |
| Zn XXII | 21+ | 1961 ± 3 | semi-empirical |
| Zn XXIII | 22+ | 2085 ± 5 | semi-empirical |
| Zn XXIV | 23+ | 2214 ± 8 | semi-empirical |
| Zn XXV | 24+ | 2358 ± 1.6 | semi-empirical |
| Zn XXVI | 25+ | 2491.5 ± 1.1 | semi-empirical |
| Zn XXVII | 26+ | 2669.9 ± 2.5 | semi-empirical |
| Zn XXVIII | 27+ | 2781.996 ± 0.007 | calculated |
| Zn XXIX | 28+ | 11864.9401 ± 0.0014 | calculated |
| Zn XXX | 29+ | 12388.9427 ± 0.0006 | calculated |
Value type as given by NIST ASD: measured - from evaluated experimental data; calculated - from ab initio calculations (mostly highly ionised atoms that have not been measured; for the simplest ones, e.g. H I, the calculation is more accurate than measurement); semi-empirical - from interpolation, extrapolation or another semi-empirical method.
Photos
Isotopes (32)
| A | N | Half-life | Decay |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zn-54 | 24 | 1.6 ms | 2p |
| Zn-55 | 25 | 19.8 ms | EC/β⁺ |
| Zn-56 | 26 | 32.0 ms | EC/β⁺ |
| Zn-57 | 27 | 45.6 ms | EC/β⁺ |
| Zn-58 | 28 | 86 ms | EC/β⁺ |
| Zn-59 | 29 | 182.1 ms | EC/β⁺ |
| Zn-60 | 30 | 2.41 min | EC/β⁺ |
| Zn-61 | 31 | 88.8 s | EC/β⁺ |
| Zn-62 | 32 | 9.193 h | EC/β⁺ |
| Zn-63 | 33 | 38.38 min | EC/β⁺ |
| Zn-64 | 34 | stable | - |
| Zn-65 | 35 | 243.93 d | EC/β⁺ |
| Zn-66 | 36 | stable | - |
| Zn-67 | 37 | stable | - |
| Zn-68 | 38 | stable | - |
| Zn-69 | 39 | 56.4 min | β⁻ |
| Zn-70 | 40 | stable | - |
| Zn-71 | 41 | 2.42 min | β⁻ |
| Zn-72 | 42 | 46.5 h | β⁻ |
| Zn-73 | 43 | 24.5 s | β⁻ |
| Zn-74 | 44 | 96 s | β⁻ |
| Zn-75 | 45 | 10.2 s | β⁻ |
| Zn-76 | 46 | 5.3 s | β⁻ |
| Zn-77 | 47 | 2.09 s | β⁻ |
| Zn-78 | 48 | 1.47 s | β⁻ |
| Zn-79 | 49 | 750 ms | β⁻ |
| Zn-80 | 50 | 562 ms | β⁻ |
| Zn-81 | 51 | 299 ms | β⁻ |
| Zn-82 | 52 | 178 ms | β⁻ |
| Zn-83 | 53 | 119 ms | β⁻ |
| Zn-84 | 54 | 54 ms | β⁻ |
| Zn-85 | 55 | unknown | β⁻ |
Data sources
- PubChem Periodic Table API - Retrieved on 29 June 2026 - licence: CC0
- IUPAC CIAAW - Abridged Standard Atomic Weights 2024 - Table version: 2024 - licence: Public domain
- NNDC Wallet Cards 2023 - Data as of 15 October 2024 - licence: Public domain
- NIST Atomic Spectra Database (ASD) - Retrieved on 29 June 2026 - licence: © U.S. Secretary of Commerce
- Images of Elements - Retrieved on 29 June 2026 - licence: CC BY 3.0